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highlighted sentences 一直是學生們比較頭疼的題型，因為這個題型完全考察的就是學生們對于這個句子句意的理解。它的題目是這樣的：
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
在這里要注意，highlighted sentences的題目是直接給出明確的做題指導的，那就是錯誤的句子會1）漏掉句子中的重要信息。2）曲解句子的意思。
在現(xiàn)實做題備考過程中，學生們往往很容易看出曲解句子意思選項，知道不可以選，但容易在一些信息全對的選項上猶豫。這幾個選項的信息原文句子都有提到，那sentences我究竟應該選擇哪一個選項呢sentences？
其實在托?？荚嚨膆ighlighted sentences題型中，其實有一條“潛規(guī)則”，那就是：那句highlighted sentence的主干其實就是句子的重要信息。所以，在這個時候，分析句子題干就成為了一個至關重要的能力。就讓我們先一起看一道例題吧sentences！
Paragraph3: The West had plenty of attractions: thealluvial river bottoms, the fecund soils of the rolling forest lands, the black loams of the prairies were tempting to New England farmers working their rocky,sterile land and to southeastern farmers plagued with soil depletion and erosion.In 1820 under a new land law, a farm could be bought for$100. The continued proliferation of banks made it easier for those without cash to negotiate loans in papermoney. Western Farmers borrowed with the confident expectation that the expanding economy would keep farm prices high, thus making it easy to repay loans when they fell due.
5.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
OBecause the West had more rivers and forests than the East, its soil was more productive.
OThe fertile soils ofthe West drew farmers from regions with barren soils.
OFarmers living in western areas of the United States were more affected by soil erosion than farmers living in eastern areas.
OThe soil in western areas of the United States was richer than soil in eastern areas.
這是TPO 20-1 Westward Migration 的 highlighted sentences 題，初看這道題，很多單詞量不夠大的學生是很有壓力的，所以他們會覺得這道題很難做出來的原因是因為太多單詞看不懂，比如alluvial,fecund, loam, prairies, sterile, depletion…… 但對于很多單詞量大的同學，也很容易選擇A或者D這兩個選項，然后在我提示他們答案并不是A的時候表示驚訝：?。磕鞘Ｏ逻€有別的選項能選嗎？
其實，出現(xiàn)這兩種情況的原因都是因為同學們沒有從找題干的角度分析這道題。于是現(xiàn)在，就讓我們先暫時不看選項，而是單獨看這個highlighted sentence，找尋一下這個句子的主干。
其實，這個句子雖然復雜，但靜下心里看，主干還是很明顯的。這個句子的冒號前后是兩句話，重點是冒號后面的那一句，仔細看的話，會發(fā)現(xiàn)the alluvial river bottoms, the fecund soils of the rolling forest lands, the black loams of the prairies這一群很復雜的詞組組成了主語，were tempting to… and to… 構成了謂語，New England farmers working their rocky, sterile land和southeastern farmers plagued with soil depletion and erosion.構成了賓語，所以整個句子的結構就非常清晰了，那就是：
xxx were tempting to xxx and xxx.
翻譯成中文就是：xxx 正在引誘xxx.
所以，這個句子的主干，是一定包含了xxx正在引誘xxx 這個意思的，如果選項中沒有包含了這個意思，就不是正確選項。那么這時候，同學們再來看一看這道題，應該選擇什么呢？
A選項雖然包含了很多句子中的信息，但它唯獨沒有xxx正在引誘xxx的意思，所以不是正確答案。
B選項雖然是最短的選項，語言也非常概括，但它是麻雀雖小，五臟俱全。其中的drew就有吸引的意思，所以其實這是一個可以選擇的選項。
C選項整個意思倒過來了，不是西部農(nóng)民，而是東南部農(nóng)民更容易被soilerosion所影響。
D選項的信息也沒有錯，但跟A選項一樣，它也不包含主干內容。
所以最后我們的答案是B選項。這個讓大家都覺得太短了，信息太少的選項反而是正確答案，就因為它是唯一一個信息沒錯誤又包含了句子主干內容的選項。所以，其實從某種意義上來說，就算同學們不認識那些生詞，只要找到主干，知道temptto的意思，就也能運用我們的分析主干技巧來順利選出B選項。
現(xiàn)在，同學們是不是已經(jīng)掌握了托福的highlighted sentences 主干就是句子的重要信息的“潛規(guī)則”了？有了這樣的技巧，大家就再來試一道題吧！
The frequency with which certain simplemotifs appear in these oldest sites has led rock-art researchers to adopt adeive term—the Panaramitee style—a label which takes its name from theextensive rock pavements at Panaramitee North in desert South Australia, whichare covered with motifs pecked into the surface.
6.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave ways or leave out essential information.
○ The oldest rock art sites have simpler motifs than the best known sites of Panaramitee North.
○ Because motifs primarily associated with the Panaramitee region are common in the oldest sites, the term Panaramitee style has become the general term for rock art of this type.
○ Because the Panaramitee style is socommon in the older sites, researchers have described it most extensively.
○ The motifs carved in the rocky surface of the Panaramitee region make up the oldest form of rock art discovered in Australia.
這道題的答案是...
B
因為原句的主干是XXX has led researchers to adopt a term。所以正確選項里面一定要包含xxx讓研究人員采用一個term的信息。縱觀4個選項，A,D都沒有這個信息，其實C選項也沒有，described it most extensively并不是采用一個term，更何況extensive(ly)在原文中并不是修飾describe而是修飾rock pavements，所以這里還出現(xiàn)了信息錯誤。最后再讓我們來看B選項，B選項雖然沒提到researchers，但它包含了一個term被采納的信息。所以B選項是毫無疑問的正確答案。
大家這道題都做對了嗎？我相信有了找主干分析句子重點信息的能力，同學們應該很輕松就選出來了吧！所以，尋找題干這個能力能力對于highlighted sentences的解題過程是至關重要的，大家一定要好好記住這一點技巧。
張翰淼
主授：托福閱讀，SAT/ACT數(shù)學
比利時魯汶大學(world top50) 材料學碩士
托福閱讀滿分
ETS官方培訓師
授課輕松幽默，翻轉式課堂體驗
曾任北京奧運會場館翻譯
